Pion exchange: the team used data from the HERA accelerator, which ran at DESY in Hamburg. (Courtesy: DESY) Gluons contribute around 30% to the total momentum of energetic pions, which is about three ...

The two-dimensional spatial distribution of mass due to gluons in the nucleon (left) and the pion (right), simulated at seven valence pion masses with lattice quantum chromodynamics. Understanding the ...

Pions are some of matter’s simplest particles. They’re built from the same building blocks as protons and neutrons, smaller particles known as quarks. While a proton is made from three quarks, only ...

Scientists can determine the mass of subatomic particles that are built from quarks by looking at the particles' energy and momentum in four-dimensional spacetime. One of the quantities that encode ...

Scientists at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility in Bloomington have made the first unambiguous detection of a rare process, the fusion of two nuclei of heavy hydrogen to form a nucleus of ...

If you buy something using links in our stories, we may earn a commission. Learn more. It often goes unmentioned that protons, the positively charged matter particles at the center of atoms, are part ...

Weird phenomenon first proposed by Russian physicist Lev Landau in the 1950s. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. Physicists sifting ...

Twenty years ago, physicists set out to investigate a mysterious asymmetry in the proton’s interior. Their results, published today, show how antimatter helps stabilize every atom’s core. It often ...