Background— There is a paucity of data regarding the mechanism of maintaining atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with AF. The aim of this study was to examine ...

MRI showed a renal mass with thick septa and progressive enhancement after gadolinium injection. The lesion was interpreted as a complex renal cystic lesion, classified as Bosniak IV (Figures 2 – 5).

From the Department of Anatomy, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Some conditions, considered idiopathic or of only partially known etiology, may have an anatomic ...