Calculate dividends by subtracting year-end retained earnings from start-year retained earnings, then net income. Dividend payout ratio (DPR) is found by dividing total dividends by net income to ...

Steven Nickolas is a writer and has 10+ years of experience working as a consultant to retail and institutional investors. Charlene Rhinehart is a CPA , CFE, chair of an Illinois CPA Society committee ...

1 Department of Optometry and Radiography, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 2 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, ...