Flow birefringence in complex fluids has long been viewed as a noninvasive probe for stress fields based on the stress-optic law. Experiments reveal that this law fails in unsteady flows, with ...

Physics is the search for and application of rules that can help us understand and predict the world around us. Central to physics are ideas such as energy, mass, particles and waves. Physics attempts ...

Using the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have captured the clearest picture yet of how galaxies formed in the early universe.