They also seek to be cost-effective, fast and broadly applicable. In vitro tests involve exposing biological materials such as human cells or microorganisms to different concentrations of a chemical ...

Historically, researchers have tested the safety and toxicity of chemicals by using biological assays, or bioassays. These tests involve exposing nonhuman animals – often rodents such as rats or mice ...

The average American has already mentally spent more than half of their paycheck before it lands in their account, according ...