In the Middle Ages, flowers and plants were imbued with rich symbolism, deeply connected to religion, culture, and literature. This period saw plants associated with virtues, vices, biblical ...

The long-fictionalized “Moon Base Alpha” is taking on more concrete shape, and may become a reality within the next 20 to 30 years. Apollo 11‘s first lunar landing was 50 years ago, marking a major ...

From the 16th century onward, the best cartographers of their time crafted some of the most detailed maps of Tartaria in history. In many derogatory titles that had little to do with the actual ...

A wheeled bull figurine from 3950–3650 BC was discovered in Europe, and it is the oldest identified object that has a wheel. The origin and invention of the wheel can be traced back to our natural ...

Around 4,000 BC, the first Mesopotamia wheels were developed to be used as potter's wheels. This Mesopotamia wheel is a spindle Sumerian whorl that dates back to 2,900–2,600 BC. The Metropolitan ...

The guisarme was widely used in Europe as a defensive tool against bandits and wild animals and as an aggressive weapon in times of war. The French word “guisarme”, which was borrowed into English, ...

Manufacturing chain mail or plate armor required high-intensity work methods and permanent buildings that were not feasible for the lifestyle of the Mongols. The Mongol archer in Mongolian light armor ...

When light-armored Thraex paired against a heavy-armored murmillo, this mimicked the fight between Roman legionaries against their enemies in Thrace. Gladiatorial fights in ancient Rome were extremely ...

Since a rohatyn was meant to cause a broad and deep wound, it was only used on big and potentially dangerous animals such as bears, aurochs, and wild boars. Since a rohatyn was meant to cause a broad ...

Learn about the invention and history of gears from ancient times to the present and how gears have developed through time. Gears are mechanical devices made up of disks with teeth (“cogwheels”) that ...

In a letter sent in 1918, Einstein referred to Besso while remarking "No one is as close to me as he is and no one knows me as he does." Michele Besso was born to Italian Jewish parents Giuseppe Besso ...