Scholars have been debating for centuries over when the famous Greek phalanx formation first appeared. What does the evidence ...

Students form a hoplite phalanx, a formation that proved disadvantageous in battle with the Macedonian army. Photo by Noah Larsen. Hoplites were citizen-warriors of ancient Greek city-states. They ...

Not professional soldiers—just citizens with shields and a cause. Hoplites defended democracy with discipline and bronze.

Students moved in formation as a hoplite phalanx, then tried out the Macedonian phalanx, a superior formation that facilitated Alexander’s defeat of the Persian Empire and his creation of one of the ...