Though now extinct, ammonoids (a group of marine mollusks with shells) evolved for 350 million years, always with a tendency toward increasingly elaborate shell structures. Scientists have studied ...

LOS ANGELES — What do coastlines, clouds, cauliflower and the stock market have in common? Mathematician Ben oit Mandelbrot may not have conceived the question, but he provided an answer — one that ...

Mandelbrot’s 1982 book titled “ The Fractal Geometry of Nature ” argued that irregular mathematical objects (fractals) were a reflection of nature.

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or ...

LOS ANGELES — What do coastlines, clouds, cauliflower and the stock market have in common? Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot may not have conceived the question, but he provided an answer — one that was ...