Spain’s empire didn’t start with ships and gold—it started with power consolidation, as Ferdinand and Isabella unified the kingdom and finished the Reconquista in 1492. With old trade routes disrupted ...

The modern Spanish monarchy is sometimes described in historical circles as holding a theoretical dynastic claim to the Byzantine imperial title, the final continuation of the ancient Roman Empire in ...

INTRODUCTION -- Spain in America: explorations and civilization / Javier Morales Vallejo -- Spanish art and science in the age of exploration / Chiyo Ishikawa -- EMPIRE AND IMAGE -- The world of early ...