The model elaborated here provides a common language for analyzing and understanding the literature on formative evaluation by identifying four components: who participates, what roles can be taken, ...

This article examines some of the implications of recent developments in cognitive theory for instructional design. It is argued that behavioral theory is inadequate to prescribe instructional ...

For institutions that lack the budget or staff expertise to utilize instructional design principles in online course development, generative AI may offer a way forward.