The Apgar score has long served as a rapid and effective tool for assessing the immediate physiological state of a newborn. By evaluating five key criteria—heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, ...

In his masterful book Better, surgeon Atul Gawande writes that in the 1950s, newborn babies in the United States faced great danger: "One in thirty still died at birth—odds that were scarcely better ...

An objective assessment for post-surgical patients is critical to decreasing mortality and improving patient outcomes, according to an editorial published in Anesthesiology by Atul A. Gawande, MD, MPH ...