Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) represent a diverse group of conditions in which the immune system mistakenly targets the body’s own tissues, often affecting the musculoskeletal system and ...

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies directed against the nuclei of some of one’s own body cells. They are present in the blood in persons with certain autoimmune disorders. An autoimmune ...

Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2012;12(1):65-74. The NE is composed of three morphologically and functionally interconnected structures: a double bilayer nuclear membrane enclosing the perinuclear space; the ...

Mammalian antibodies typically have two arms that can bind to two individual antigen molecules. But what is the optimal antigen distance, and does the doubled antigen-binding region improve antibody ...