The first major test of Donald Trump’s influence on the affairs of a longtime U.S. ally went badly. The U.S. president’s attacks on Canadian sovereignty outraged voters while the trade war he launched threatened to upend the economy of a nation dependent on U.

Liberal Prime Minister Mark Carney, who replaced Justin Trudeau, will keep his post as Canadians signal their persistent defiance of the U.S. president’s rhetoric.

The U.S. president’s 51st-state rhetoric and trade war bolstered Canada’s left, but the ultimate responsibility for the country’s direction lies with its own voters.